t test calculator online tool  (GraphPad Software Inc)

Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: Autologous Human Immunocompetent White Adipose Tissue‐on‐Chip

doi: 10.1002/advs.202104451

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characterization of on‐chip human mature adipocytes. a) On‐chip visualization of mature adipocytes (fixed on d5) confirmed i) 3D distribution of adipocytes inside the chips’ tissue chambers, and preservation of ii) lipid content unilocularity as well as iii) adipose‐specific markers such as perilipin A (further depicted in Figure , Supporting Information). Scale bars equal 200 µm (orthogonal view) and 100 µm (maximum intensity projection of zoom‐in/visualization of perilipin A). b) For functional validation, the authors assessed i) basal energy storage and release properties by monitoring uptake of medium‐ and long‐chain FA analogs (on d12) (MCFA n = 14; LCFA n = 16) and its dependency on glucose (on d4‐d5) (no glucose n = 3; high glucose n = 6; “*” denotes significant difference determined with an unpaired Two‐Sample t ‐test with p < 0.05) (i). The authors further analyzed ii) basal adipokine secretion (on d4) (donor 1 n = 4; donor 2 n = 6) as well as iii) the adipocytes’ response to ß‐adrenergic stimulation (on d4‐d5). FA release from 100 µM condition is significantly different from unstimulated condition (0 µM isoproterenol) for all measured time points; 10 µM condition significantly differed until 225 min (statistics not shown in graph; unpaired Two Sample t ‐test with p < 0.05.). For glycerol graph, “*” denotes significant difference from unstimulated condition (0 µM isoproterenol). Two Sample t ‐test with p < 0.05. c) Cytokine release in response to proinflammatory stimulation for 24 h with TNF‐ α (20 ng mL −1 ) or LPS (100 ng mL −1 ) on d5. Cytokine secretion is depicted relative to the secretion determined for the 24 h‐period before stimulation (two independent chips per donor for each condition).

Article Snippet: For testing statistical significance, unpaired t tests were performed using the online t test Calculator tool provided by GraphPad ( https://www.graphpad.com/quickcalcs/ttest1/ ).

Techniques: Preserving, Functional Assay, Biomarker Discovery

Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: Autologous Human Immunocompetent White Adipose Tissue‐on‐Chip

doi: 10.1002/advs.202104451

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characterization of on‐chip endothelial barrier. a) mvECs seeded onto the membrane in the medium channel formed uniform, tight monolayers as visualized by CD31 staining (fixed on d7). Scale bars equal 2 mm (tile scan of entire chip) and 200 µm (one‐chamber view). b) Endothelial barrier integrity determined by fluorescence macromolecule tracing. Time difference is measured in 4 kDa FITC‐dextran signal equilibria in tissue chambers versus media channels for chips with endothelial barrier versus chips without endothelial barrier. Endothelial barriers are less permeable than plain, acellularized membranes. c) Exposure of the on‐chip endothelial barrier to inflammatory stimuli leads to i) a significant increase in CD106 expression for TNF‐ α stimulation (unpaired Two Sample t ‐test with p < 0.05); scale bar equals 200 µm; larger representation in Figure , Supporting Information), ii) altered inflammatory cytokine secretion ( n = 2 for each stimulus), and iii) decreased uptake/intracellular retention of acetylated low‐density lipoprotein (AcLDL) (unpaired Two Sample t ‐test with p < 0.05; scale bar equals 200 µm).

Article Snippet: For testing statistical significance, unpaired t tests were performed using the online t test Calculator tool provided by GraphPad ( https://www.graphpad.com/quickcalcs/ttest1/ ).

Techniques: Membrane, Staining, Fluorescence, Expressing

Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: Autologous Human Immunocompetent White Adipose Tissue‐on‐Chip

doi: 10.1002/advs.202104451

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunocompetency of different WAT‐on‐chip culture conditions. a) Baseline (i.e., non‐stimulated) cytokine release from culture conditions ASE, AS, AE, and A measured for 24 h from d10‐d11. b) Cytokine release in response to pro‐inflammatory challenge (with TNF‐ α or LPS) for 24 h from d11‐d12 on‐chip. Cytokine concentrations are presented relative to the respective baseline cytokine release for each individual chip. c) Recruitment of autologous T‐cells perfused through the media channels for 18 h from d12‐d13 of on‐chip culture. Prior to perfusion, T cells are labeled with a cell tracker. Within the 18 h, T cells infiltrated the tissue chambers from the media channels, shown exemplarily in 3D renderings of an entire tissue chamber (side view) and of a zoom‐in (top view). Recruitment is quantified by comparing fluorescence intensity in the tissue chambers (unpaired Two Sample t‐test with p < 0.05). Both fluorescence images show T‐cell recruitment into AS chambers. All experiments are conducted simultaneously and with cells from the same donor.

Article Snippet: For testing statistical significance, unpaired t tests were performed using the online t test Calculator tool provided by GraphPad ( https://www.graphpad.com/quickcalcs/ttest1/ ).

Techniques: Labeling, Fluorescence